Question 95 from UPSC CSE 2017 - Polity and
Governance

Question

One of the implications of equality in society is the absence of

Accepted Answer

Correct Option: A. Privileges

Strategy: The question asks for a direct implication of 'equality'. Start by understanding the core political science meaning of equality: it's not about making everyone the same, but about removing unearned, special advantages. Now, evaluate the options. 'Absence of restraints' would lead to anarchy, not equality. 'Absence of competition' is unrealistic and contrary to the idea of equality of opportunity. 'Absence of ideology' is impossible, as every society is built on some set of beliefs. Only the 'absence of privileges' directly aligns with the principle that no individual or group should have special rights by birth or status. This makes it the correct answer.

Key Info: ## Equality
Equality is a foundational principle of modern democracy and a core concept in political philosophy. It does not imply absolute sameness or the absence of all differences, but rather the absence of discrimination and arbitrary distinctions between people.

Key dimensions of equality include:
- **Formal Equality (Equality before the Law):** This principle, enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution, means that all individuals are subject to the same laws and have access to the same legal protections, without any special privileges for any person.
- **Equality of Opportunity:** This implies providing all individuals with a fair chance to develop their potential and pursue their goals, irrespective of their background (caste, gender, religion, etc.). It aims to create a level playing field, not to guarantee equal outcomes.
- **Substantive Equality:** This concept recognizes that formal equality is insufficient if historical and structural disadvantages prevent certain groups from competing fairly. It justifies positive discrimination or affirmative action (like reservations) to correct these imbalances.

## Privileges
In a social and political context, privileges refer to special rights, immunities, or advantages granted to a particular person or group, often based on birth, status, wealth, or class. The concept of equality directly opposes such unearned privileges, as they create an unequal and unjust society. For instance, feudal societies were characterized by the privileges of the aristocracy. The democratic ideal of equality seeks to abolish such special privileges.

## Restraints
Restraints are limitations or restrictions on freedom of action, typically in the form of laws, rules, and social norms. They are essential for the functioning of any organized society. Far from being contrary to equality, just restraints are necessary to protect the liberty and rights of all individuals. For example, laws against theft are restraints that protect everyone's property rights. Absolute absence of restraints would lead to anarchy, where the 'might is right' principle would prevail, destroying any semblance of equality.

## Competition
Competition is a state of rivalry where individuals or groups strive for a common goal that cannot be shared. In economic and social spheres, competition is often seen as a driver of efficiency and innovation. The principle of equality does not seek to eliminate competition but to ensure that it is fair. 'Equality of opportunity' is precisely about ensuring that everyone can participate in competition on fair terms.

## Ideology
An ideology is a comprehensive and coherent set of ideas, beliefs, and values that forms the basis of a political, economic, or social system. Examples include liberalism, socialism, conservatism, and communism. It is impossible for a society to exist without an underlying ideology that shapes its institutions and goals. The concept of equality itself is a central component of many ideologies, particularly liberalism and socialism. Therefore, equality implies the presence of a supportive ideology, not its absence.

Answer

Option B: Restraints

Answer

Option C: Competition

Answer

Option D: Ideology