Question 58 from UPSC CSE 2022 - Basic Science

Question

Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics:
1. Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast.
2. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut.
3. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

Correct Option: C. 1 and 3

Strategy: - Identify the composition of probiotics, confirming they include both bacteria and yeasts (Statement 1).
- Recognize that many probiotic organisms are similar to those naturally occurring in the gut microbiota, invalidating Statement 2.
- Confirm probiotics aid in digesting milk sugars, benefiting individuals with lactose intolerance (Statement 3).
- Select the option that includes statements 1 and 3 only.

Key Info: ## Probiotics: Definition and Characteristics

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, primarily specific bacteria (such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and yeasts (notably Saccharomyces boulardii), that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.

*   **Sources**: They are commonly found in fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and some pickles, as well as dietary supplements.
*   **Natural Occurrence**: The human gastrointestinal tract contains a natural microbiota, including both bacteria and yeasts, which plays crucial roles in digestion and immunity. Many probiotic organisms are identical or similar to those naturally found in the human gut, particularly in the colon.

## Health Benefits and Mechanisms

Probiotics contribute to gastrointestinal health by:

*   Balancing the gut microbiome.
*   Suppressing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
*   Supporting the digestion of certain nutrients.

### Lactose Digestion

Some probiotic strains produce enzymes, such as beta-galactosidase, which facilitate the breakdown (hydrolysis) of lactose, the sugar found in milk. This enzymatic activity aids individuals with lactose intolerance by reducing symptoms like abdominal discomfort and bloating.

## Official Recognition

The World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recognize probiotics for their role in:

*   Improving gut health.
*   Supporting immune function.
*   Addressing specific digestive disorders.

Answer

Option A: 1 only

Answer

Option B: 2 only

Answer

Option D: 2 and 3