Question 86 from UPSC CSE 2019 - Polity & Governance

Question

In the context of any country, which one of the following would be considered as part of its social capital?

IASCODEX · Accepted Answer

Correct Option: D. The level of mutual trust and harmony in the society

Strategy: Focus squarely on conceptual keywords: 'mutual trust and harmony' directly refers to social relationships, which define social capital. The other options are about literacy (human capital), physical infrastructure (physical capital), and demographic size (workforce), none relating to intangible social connections. The phrase 'level of mutual trust and harmony' stands out as the hallmark of social capital making option D correct.

Key Info: Social capital refers to the networks, norms, and values that facilitate coordination and cooperation among people within a society. It is characterized by trust, reciprocity, social networks, and the shared values that enable individuals and groups to collaborate effectively. The concept goes beyond material or human resources, instead emphasizing intangible relational assets such as social trust, civic participation, and community engagement.

- Pierre Bourdieu and Robert Putnam are prominent scholars associated with the concept—Bourdieu defined social capital as resources accessible through social networks, while Putnam linked social capital to community engagement and the performance of democratic institutions.
- Social capital is distinct from human capital (skills and education) and physical capital (infrastructure or machinery).
- Examples of social capital include associations, voluntary organizations, neighborhood support systems, and levels of mutual trust among citizens.
- High social capital can lead to improved governance, social cohesion, lower crime rates, and better economic outcomes.
- Policy makers often aim to strengthen social capital to bolster societal resilience and promote sustainable development.

IASCODEX · Answer

Option A: The proportion of literates in the population

IASCODEX · Answer

Option B: The stock of its buildings, other infrastructure, and machines

IASCODEX · Answer

Option C: The size of the population in the working age group