Question 70 from UPSC CSE 2023 - Modern History

Question

With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess, and Walter Elliot were associated with:

IASCODEX · Accepted Answer

Correct Option: A. archaeological excavations

Strategy: Focus on the names provided -- all are prominent in early Indian archaeology. None are notably linked to the press, churches, or railways in mainstream colonial-era history. Their association with sites like Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, and various Buddhist structures signals archaeological excavations. Thus, choose the option linked to archaeology.

Key Info: ## Key Figures in Early Indian Archaeology

- **Alexander Rea (1858-1924)**: Pioneering British archaeologist known for his work on megalithic sites and discoveries in southern India, including unearthing sarcophagi at Pallavaram.
- **A. H. Longhurst (1876-1955)**: Prominent Superintendent of the Southern Circle, Archaeological Survey of India, who oversaw major excavations including at Nagarjunakonda and Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka.
- **Robert Sewell (1845-1925)**: Keeper of the Madras Record Office, known for his research on the Vijayanagara Empire; he documented archaeological findings and authored 'A Forgotten Empire.'
- **James Burgess (1832-1916)**: Eminent British archaeologist and Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, associated with documentation and conservation of rock-cut architecture, and Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain monuments.
- **Walter Elliot (1803-1887)**: Scottish civil servant and naturalist, remembered for his explorations and collections from Amaravati; the 'Elliot marbles' refer to Buddhist sculptures he collected from the stupa site.

These five figures were instrumental in the early discovery, excavation, documentation, and preservation of India's ancient heritage, especially Buddhist and Dravidian remains. Their collective efforts laid the foundation for much of the systematic archaeological work in India carried out during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the Archaeological Survey of India.

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Option B: establishment of English Press in Colonial India

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Option C: establishment of Churches in Princely States

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Option D: construction of railways in Colonial India