Question 96 from UPSC CSE 2023 - Art & Culture

Question

Which one of the following explains the practice of 'Vattakirutal' as mentioned in Sangam poems?

IASCODEX · Accepted Answer

Correct Option: D. A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death

Strategy: The strategy focuses on identifying the unique cultural practice among the options. Options A, B, and C describe generic or less severe activities. Option D, however, mentions ritual suicide by starvation--a distinctive and solemn act. Knowledge of Sangam literature's themes of warfare, heroism, and ritual validates Option D as the only contextually accurate choice for 'Vattakirutal'.

Key Info: Vattakirutal was an ancient Tamil ritual, prominently depicted in Sangam literature, particularly in works like Purananuru. It involved a defeated king engaging in ritual suicide by starving himself to death, symbolizing ideals of honor and a valiant end. This act could be publicly performed, underscoring the warrior ethos prevalent in early Tamil society.

The Sangam period (c. 3rd century BCE-3rd century CE) featured a clear distinction between heroic (puram) and love (akam) poetic themes. The cultural importance of Vattakirutal was linked to failing to protect one's kingdom or suffering dishonor in battle; occasionally, loyal companions would join the king in this ritual.

Other related practices from the Sangam era include the erection of natukal (hero stones), which commemorated warriors who died valiantly in war, with their spirits believed to inhabit the stones. Ritual suicide, in various forms, played a significant role in ancient Tamil polity for upholding codes of valor.

IASCODEX · Answer

Option A: Kings employing women bodyguards

IASCODEX · Answer

Option B: Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters

IASCODEX · Answer

Option C: Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and animals